1
William W. Smithers states, «Enrico Ferri, founder of criminal sociology...». Enrico Ferri, Criminal Sociology, translated by Joseph I. Kelly and John Lisle, edited by William W. Smithers with an introduction by Charles A. Ellwood and Quincy A. Myers (New York: Agathon Press, Inc., 1967), p. xxi.
«[...] the founding in Italy of a new school of positive criminal law, of which Ferri is himself the chief exponent.» Ibid., p. xxiii.
2
Ibid., p. 486.
3
«This predominance of sentiment over reason, which is the fundamental note of the jury...» Ibid., p. 489.
4
Scipio Sighele, La Folla delinquente (Torino: Fratelli Bocca, 1892). A wide diffusion of this book may be assumed because only a few months after the first Italian edition the French edition appeared as La Foule criminelle.
Perhaps one of the more significant statements by Sighele is: «Un'antica sentenza dice: senatores boni viri, senatus autem mala bestia, e il filosofo oggi ripete e conferma questa osservazione, quando, a proposito di certi gruppi sociali, afferma che presi gli individui uno per uno son galantuomini, messi insieme, sono birbanti.» La Folla delinquente, 2.ª edizione (Torino: Fratelli Bocca, 1894), p. 13.
5
«In its essentials, however, Le Bon's definition of the crowd is the same as Sighele's. For both of them, a study of the crowd begins with the idea that the crowd cannot be seen as a simple aggregate, but is based on the special kind of mutual dependence among the individuals who compose it.» Robert Ezra Park, The Crowd and the Public and other Essays, translated from Masse und Publikum by Charlotte Elsner, edited and with introduction by Henry Elsner, Jr. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972), p. 11.
6
Sigmund Freud, Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse (Vienna: Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag, 1921).
7
«The ease with which Mussolini raided Le Bon's writings for justifications of Fascist ideology is striking.» Robert A. Nye, The Origins of Crowd Psychology: Gustave Le Bon and the Crisis of Mass Democracy in the Third Republic (London; Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1975), p. 178.
8
«Though it may be claiming too much to ascribe directly to Le Bon's influence ideas which by 1905 were the lingua franca of nearly all European collective psychologists, the reader of Mein Kampf is certainly struck by the similarity of the descriptive language Hitler used to Le Bon's 'classic' account of crowd behavior.» Ibid., p. 179.
«Hitler's own phenomenal sensitivity to mass audiences might possibly have been reinforced by the theoretical endorsement offered in Le Bon's succinct portrait of the crowd.» Ibid.
9
The same can be said of many of the Episodios nacionales of the first two series.
10
In this respect it is interesting to compare Gerald Gillespie's ideas which equate couples in Galdós' work to molecules and the individuals forming those couples to atoms. See: «Reality and Fiction in the Novels of Galdós», Anales galdosianos, 1 (1966), 20-21.
Cf. the statement in Torquemada en la hoguera (1889): «Somos átomos, amigo don Francisco; nada más que unos tontos átomos.» Obras completas, vol. V, p. 919. (See note 11 below for full title.)