Horace, «Ars Poetica». My translation slightly modifies that of H. R. Fairclough in the Loeb Classical Library Edition (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970), p. 451. (N. from the A.)

See the essays collected in The Dialogic Imagination, ed. Michael Holquist, trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981). (N. from the A.)

See F. E. Peters, Greek Philosophical Terms (New York: New York University Press, 1967), s. v. eídos (pp. 46-51). (N. from the A.)

For a discussion of description germane to some of the problems addressed here, see Svetlana Alpers, «Describe or Narrate? A Problem in Realistic Representation», New Literary History 8 (1976-77), 15-41; «Seeing as Knowing: A Dutch Connection», Humanities in Society 1 (1978); and The Art of [p. 44] Describing: Dutch Art in the Seventeenth Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983). With regard to the Spanish picaresque, see Carlos Blanco Aguinaga, «Cervantes y la picaresca: Notas sobre dos tipos de realismo», Nueva revista de filología hispánica 11 (1957), 313-42. (N. from the A.)

The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy, trans. Mario Domandi (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1963), p. 146. (N. from the A.)

See Cervantes's Theory of the Novel (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962). (N. from the A.)

«Linguistic Perspectivism in the Don Quijote», in Linguistics and Literary History (1948; rpt. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974), pp. 68, 69. (N. from the A.)

My translation slightly modifies that of H. M. Hubbell in the Loeb Classical Library edition (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960), p. 355. (N. from the A.)

Some of the complexities of the problem are taken up by Descartes in the Third Meditation, but in a context in which «idea» has the sense of «picture or image» represented in foro interno: «Now as to what concerns ideas, if we consider them only in themselves and do not relate them to anything beyond themselves, they cannot properly speaking be false; for whether I imagine a goat or a chimera, it is no less true that I imagine the one than the other... If ideas are only taken as certain modes of thought, I recognize amongst them no difference or inequality, and all appear to proceed from me in the same manner; but when we consider them as images, one representing one thing and the other another, it is clear that they are very different one from the other» (The Philosophical Works of Descartes, I, trans. Elizabeth S. Haldane and G. R. T. Ross, [1911; rpt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975], pp. 159, 161-62). (N. from the A.)

See Jean-Luc Nancy, «Mundus est fabula»; John D. Lyons, «Subjectivity and Imitation in the Discours de la Méthode», Neophilologus 66 (1982), 508-524; and, on the ethical-rhetorical relations of reader, narrator, and text, John J. Allen, «The Narrators, the Reader, and Don Quijote», MLN 91 (1976), 201-12. (N. from the A.)